一、负载均衡概述
在分布式 或 微服务架构中,服务的提供者往往有多个实例 会注册到服务注册中心中,服务消费者需要使用服务时,需要决定使用哪个服务提供者,这正是负载均衡的体现。
负载均衡也可以理解为:将用户的请求平摊分配到每个服务器上,尽可能的压榨每台服务器的带宽、性能。
负载均衡的方式有两种:
- 服务端负载均衡
像以前的老架构,通过nginx对请求做负载均衡,然后下发到指定的tomcat。
- 客户端负载均衡
client获取到所有的service实例,然后做负载均衡规则。例如:Ribbon、Feign
本文我们针对SpringCloud如何集成Ribbon实现负载均衡做一个讨论。
注:(版本信息)–
二、Ribbon实现负载均衡
整体项目目录包括三个Module,分别为:eureka-server、ribbon-feign-sample、ribbon-feign-sample-consumer。
其中eureka-server作为服务注册中心、ribbon-feign-sample作为服务提供者、ribbon-feign-sample-consumer作为服务消费者。
Ribbon 与 RestTemplate 配合使用,实现了微服务之间的调用。
0、最上层父项目spring-cloud-center的pom.xml文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.3.7.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<packaging>pom</packaging>
<!--子模块-->
<modules>
<module>ribbon-feign-sample</module>
<module>ribbon-feign-sample-consumer</module>
<module>eureka-server</module>
</modules>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-center</artifactId>
<groupId>com.saint</groupId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>spring-cloud-center</name>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>2.3.7.RELEASE</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
<!--整合spring cloud-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>Hoxton.SR8</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
<!--整合spring cloud alibaba-->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>2.2.5.RELEASE</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<!-- java编译插件 -->
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<source>1.8</source>
<target>1.8</target>
<encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
关于Spring-cloud和SpringBoot的版本对应关系,参考博文:SpringBoot、SpringCloud、SpringCloudAlibaba的版本对应关系。
1、搭建服务注册中心eureka-server
eureka-server整体代码结构目录如下:
其整体很简单、仅仅包含一个pom.xml文件、一个配置文件、一个启动类。
1、pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-center</artifactId>
<groupId>com.saint</groupId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<artifactId>eureka-server</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<description>eureka-server</description>
<dependencies>
<!--集成Eureka-server-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-autoconfigure</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
2、修改配置文件application.yml
server:
port: 10010
spring:
application:
name: eureka-server
eureka:
client:
# 把自身注册到Eureka-server中
register-with-eureka: true
# 服务注册中心不需要去检索其他服务
fetch-registry: false
# 指定服务注册中心的位置
service-url:
defaultZone: http://localhost:10010/eureka
instance:
hostname: localhost
3、修改启动类
package com.saint;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.server.EnableEurekaServer;
/**
* @author Saint
*/
@EnableEurekaServer
@SpringBootApplication
public class EurekaServerApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(EurekaServerApplication.class, args);
}
}
这里和普通的启动有一个区别:需要加上 @EnableEurekaServer
注解开启Eureka-Server。
4、启动eureka-server
启动成功后,控制台输出如下:
进入到eureka-server 的dashboard,可以看到eureka-server已经上线:
2、搭建服务提供者ribbon-feign-sample
ribbon-feign-sample整体代码结构目录如下:
其中包含一个pom.xml文件、一个配置文件、一个启动类、一个Controller。
1、pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-center</artifactId>
<groupId>com.saint</groupId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<artifactId>ribbon-feign-sample</artifactId>
<groupId>com.saint</groupId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<description>ribbon test service provider</description>
<dependencies>
<!--集成eureka-client-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-autoconfigure</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
2、修改配置文件application.yml
server:
port: 8081
spring:
application:
name: greeting-service
eureka:
client:
# 将当前服务注册到服务注册中心
service-url:
defaultZone: http://localhost:10010/eureka
3、修改启动类
package com.saint;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
/**
* Saint
*/
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
public class RibbonFeignSampleApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(RibbonFeignSampleApplication.class, args);
}
}
这里和普通的启动有一个区别:需要加上 @EnableEurekaClient
注解开启eureka-client。
4、编写GreetingController
package com.saint.controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
/**
* @author Saint
*/
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/greeting")
public class GreetingController {
@GetMapping("/sayHello/{name}")
public String sayHello(@PathVariable("name") String name) {
System.out.println("接收到了请求调用 + " + name);
return "Hello, " + name;
}
}
5、启动GREETING-SERVICE服务实例1(8081端口)
服务启动成功后,控制台输出如下:
再看eureka-server dashboard中多了一个 GREETING-SERVICE
服务,并且其有一个实例 192.168.3.32:greeting-service:8081
。
6、启动GREETING-SERVICE服务实例2(8082端口)
1> 修改RibbonFeignSampleApplication
的配置:
2> 复制出一个RibbonFeignSampleApplication配置:
3> 修改第二启动类配置名为:RibbonFeignSampleApplication-8082
,启动端口为8082
:
4> 运行RibbonFeignSampleApplication-8082
:
5> 启动之后,看eureka-server dashboard中GREETING-SERVICE
服务多了一个实例 192.168.3.32:greeting-service:8082
:
3、搭建服务消费者ribbon-feign-sample-consumer
ribbon-feign-sample-consumer整体代码结构目录如下:
其包含一个pom.xml文件、一个application配置文件、一个启动类、一个Http负载均衡配置类、一个Controller。
1、pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-center</artifactId>
<groupId>com.saint</groupId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<artifactId>ribbon-feign-sample-consumer</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<description>ribbon test service provider</description>
<dependencies>
<!--集成ribbon-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--集成eureka-client-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-autoconfigure</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
2、修改配置文件application.yml
server:
port: 9090
spring:
application:
name: consumer-service
eureka:
client:
# 将当前服务注册到服务注册中心
service-url:
defaultZone: http://localhost:10010/eureka
注:服务端口为9090,后面我们进行接口调用的时候会用到。
3、修改启动类
package com.saint;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
/**
* Saint
*/
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
public class RibbonFeignSampleConsumerApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(RibbonFeignSampleConsumerApplication.class, args);
}
}
4、修改HTTP负载均衡配置类–HttpConfig
package com.saint.config;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
/**
* Http配置类
*
* @author Saint
*/
@Configuration
public class HttpConfig {
@Bean
@LoadBalanced
public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
return new RestTemplate();
}
}
HttpConfig类的作用:对RestTemple的调用使用Ribbon做负载均衡,将RestTemplate注入到Spring IOC容器中。
5、编写ConsumerController
package com.saint.controller;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
/**
* @author Saint
*/
@RestController
public class ConsumerController {
@Autowired
private RestTemplate restTemplate;
@RequestMapping("/say/{name}")
public String getHello(@PathVariable("name") String name) {
String res = restTemplate.getForObject("http://GREETING-SERVICE/greeting/sayHello/" + name, String.class);
return res;
}
}
ConsumerController中通过RestTemplate调用http://GREETING-SERVICE/greeting/sayHello/{name}
。
6、启动ribbon-feign-sample-consumer
启动成功后,看eureka-server dashboard中多了一个 CONSUMER-SERVICE
服务,并且其有一个实例 192.168.3.32:consumer-service:9090
。
4、使用浏览器进行调用服务消费者
上述步骤中,我们已经依次启动了eureka-server、ribbon-feign-sample-8081、ribbon-feign-sample-8082、ribbon-feign-sample-consumer;三个服务、四个实例。
此处我们针对服务消费者ribbon-feign-sample-consumer
做四次接口调用,分别为:
- http://localhost:9090/say/saint
- http://localhost:9090/say/saint2
- http://localhost:9090/say/saint3
- http://localhost:9090/say/saint4
然后我们去看ribbon-feign-sample-8081、ribbon-feign-sample-8082的控制台输出:
1> ribbon-feign-sample-8081控制台输出:
2> ribbon-feign-sample-8082控制台输出:
3> 结果说明:
我们可以发现,四个请求,ribbon-feign-sample-8081和ribbon-feign-sample-8082各分担了两个请求。其中ribbon-feign-sample-8081服务实例承担了请求:http://localhost:9090/say/saint2、http://localhost:9090/say/saint4,而ribbon-feign-sample-8082服务实例承担了请求:http://localhost:9090/say/saint、http://localhost:9090/say/saint3。
从现象上来看,已经Ribbon实现了负载均衡,并且默认是按照轮询的方式。
下文我们接着讨论 Ribbon是如何实现负载均衡(源码分析)?
转载请注明:【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon) | 胖虎的工具箱-编程导航