【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)

2年前 (2022) 程序员胖胖胖虎阿
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一、负载均衡概述

在分布式 或 微服务架构中,服务的提供者往往有多个实例 会注册到服务注册中心中,服务消费者需要使用服务时,需要决定使用哪个服务提供者,这正是负载均衡的体现。
负载均衡也可以理解为:将用户的请求平摊分配到每个服务器上,尽可能的压榨每台服务器的带宽、性能。

负载均衡的方式有两种:

  • 服务端负载均衡

    像以前的老架构,通过nginx对请求做负载均衡,然后下发到指定的tomcat。

  • 客户端负载均衡

    client获取到所有的service实例,然后做负载均衡规则。例如:Ribbon、Feign

本文我们针对SpringCloud如何集成Ribbon实现负载均衡做一个讨论。

注:(版本信息)–

二、Ribbon实现负载均衡

整体项目目录包括三个Module,分别为:eureka-server、ribbon-feign-sample、ribbon-feign-sample-consumer。
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)
其中eureka-server作为服务注册中心、ribbon-feign-sample作为服务提供者、ribbon-feign-sample-consumer作为服务消费者。

Ribbon 与 RestTemplate 配合使用,实现了微服务之间的调用。

0、最上层父项目spring-cloud-center的pom.xml文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.3.7.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <packaging>pom</packaging>

    <!--子模块-->
    <modules>
        <module>ribbon-feign-sample</module>
        <module>ribbon-feign-sample-consumer</module>
        <module>eureka-server</module>
    </modules>

    <artifactId>spring-cloud-center</artifactId>
    <groupId>com.saint</groupId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>spring-cloud-center</name>

    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>2.3.7.RELEASE</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
            <!--整合spring cloud-->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>Hoxton.SR8</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
            <!--整合spring cloud alibaba-->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>2.2.5.RELEASE</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <!-- java编译插件 -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <configuration>
                    <source>1.8</source>
                    <target>1.8</target>
                    <encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

关于Spring-cloud和SpringBoot的版本对应关系,参考博文:SpringBoot、SpringCloud、SpringCloudAlibaba的版本对应关系。

1、搭建服务注册中心eureka-server

eureka-server整体代码结构目录如下:
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)
其整体很简单、仅仅包含一个pom.xml文件、一个配置文件、一个启动类。

1、pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>spring-cloud-center</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.saint</groupId>
        <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <artifactId>eureka-server</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <description>eureka-server</description>

    <dependencies>

        <!--集成Eureka-server-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-autoconfigure</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>

2、修改配置文件application.yml

server:
  port: 10010
spring:
  application:
    name: eureka-server
eureka:
  client:
    # 把自身注册到Eureka-server中
    register-with-eureka: true
    # 服务注册中心不需要去检索其他服务
    fetch-registry: false
    # 指定服务注册中心的位置
    service-url:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:10010/eureka
  instance:
    hostname: localhost

3、修改启动类

package com.saint;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.server.EnableEurekaServer;

/**
 * @author Saint
 */
@EnableEurekaServer
@SpringBootApplication
public class EurekaServerApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(EurekaServerApplication.class, args);
    }
}

这里和普通的启动有一个区别:需要加上 @EnableEurekaServer 注解开启Eureka-Server。

4、启动eureka-server

启动成功后,控制台输出如下:
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)
进入到eureka-server 的dashboard,可以看到eureka-server已经上线:
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)

2、搭建服务提供者ribbon-feign-sample

ribbon-feign-sample整体代码结构目录如下:
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)
其中包含一个pom.xml文件、一个配置文件、一个启动类、一个Controller。

1、pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>spring-cloud-center</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.saint</groupId>
        <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <artifactId>ribbon-feign-sample</artifactId>
    <groupId>com.saint</groupId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <description>ribbon test service provider</description>

    <dependencies>

        <!--集成eureka-client-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-autoconfigure</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>

2、修改配置文件application.yml

server:
  port: 8081
spring:
  application:
    name: greeting-service
eureka:
  client:
    # 将当前服务注册到服务注册中心
    service-url:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:10010/eureka

3、修改启动类

package com.saint;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;

/**
 * Saint
 */
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
public class RibbonFeignSampleApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(RibbonFeignSampleApplication.class, args);
    }
}

这里和普通的启动有一个区别:需要加上 @EnableEurekaClient 注解开启eureka-client。

4、编写GreetingController

package com.saint.controller;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

/**
 * @author Saint
 */
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/greeting")
public class GreetingController {

    @GetMapping("/sayHello/{name}")
    public String sayHello(@PathVariable("name") String name) {
        System.out.println("接收到了请求调用 + " + name);
        return "Hello, " + name;
    }
}

5、启动GREETING-SERVICE服务实例1(8081端口)

服务启动成功后,控制台输出如下:
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)
再看eureka-server dashboard中多了一个 GREETING-SERVICE 服务,并且其有一个实例 192.168.3.32:greeting-service:8081
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)

6、启动GREETING-SERVICE服务实例2(8082端口)

1> 修改RibbonFeignSampleApplication的配置:
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)

2> 复制出一个RibbonFeignSampleApplication配置:
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)
3> 修改第二启动类配置名为:RibbonFeignSampleApplication-8082,启动端口为8082
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)
4> 运行RibbonFeignSampleApplication-8082
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)
5> 启动之后,看eureka-server dashboard中GREETING-SERVICE 服务多了一个实例 192.168.3.32:greeting-service:8082
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)

3、搭建服务消费者ribbon-feign-sample-consumer

ribbon-feign-sample-consumer整体代码结构目录如下:
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)
其包含一个pom.xml文件、一个application配置文件、一个启动类、一个Http负载均衡配置类、一个Controller。

1、pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>spring-cloud-center</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.saint</groupId>
        <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <artifactId>ribbon-feign-sample-consumer</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <description>ribbon test service provider</description>

    <dependencies>

        <!--集成ribbon-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <!--集成eureka-client-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-autoconfigure</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>

2、修改配置文件application.yml

server:
  port: 9090
spring:
  application:
    name: consumer-service
eureka:
  client:
    # 将当前服务注册到服务注册中心
    service-url:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:10010/eureka

注:服务端口为9090,后面我们进行接口调用的时候会用到。

3、修改启动类

package com.saint;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;

/**
 * Saint
 */
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
public class RibbonFeignSampleConsumerApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(RibbonFeignSampleConsumerApplication.class, args);
    }
}

4、修改HTTP负载均衡配置类–HttpConfig

package com.saint.config;

import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

/**
 * Http配置类
 *
 * @author Saint
 */
@Configuration
public class HttpConfig {

    @Bean
    @LoadBalanced
    public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
        return new RestTemplate();
    }
}

HttpConfig类的作用:对RestTemple的调用使用Ribbon做负载均衡,将RestTemplate注入到Spring IOC容器中。

5、编写ConsumerController

package com.saint.controller;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

/**
 * @author Saint
 */
@RestController
public class ConsumerController {
    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;

    @RequestMapping("/say/{name}")
    public String getHello(@PathVariable("name") String name) {
        String res = restTemplate.getForObject("http://GREETING-SERVICE/greeting/sayHello/" + name, String.class);
        return res;
    }
}

ConsumerController中通过RestTemplate调用http://GREETING-SERVICE/greeting/sayHello/{name}

6、启动ribbon-feign-sample-consumer

启动成功后,看eureka-server dashboard中多了一个 CONSUMER-SERVICE 服务,并且其有一个实例 192.168.3.32:consumer-service:9090
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)

4、使用浏览器进行调用服务消费者

上述步骤中,我们已经依次启动了eureka-server、ribbon-feign-sample-8081、ribbon-feign-sample-8082、ribbon-feign-sample-consumer;三个服务、四个实例。

此处我们针对服务消费者ribbon-feign-sample-consumer做四次接口调用,分别为:

  1. http://localhost:9090/say/saint
  2. http://localhost:9090/say/saint2
  3. http://localhost:9090/say/saint3
  4. http://localhost:9090/say/saint4

【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)
然后我们去看ribbon-feign-sample-8081、ribbon-feign-sample-8082的控制台输出:

1> ribbon-feign-sample-8081控制台输出:
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)
2> ribbon-feign-sample-8082控制台输出:
【云原生&微服务一】SpringCloud之Ribbon实现负载均衡详细案例(集成Eureka、Ribbon)

3> 结果说明:
我们可以发现,四个请求,ribbon-feign-sample-8081和ribbon-feign-sample-8082各分担了两个请求。其中ribbon-feign-sample-8081服务实例承担了请求:http://localhost:9090/say/saint2、http://localhost:9090/say/saint4,而ribbon-feign-sample-8082服务实例承担了请求:http://localhost:9090/say/saint、http://localhost:9090/say/saint3。

从现象上来看,已经Ribbon实现了负载均衡,并且默认是按照轮询的方式。

下文我们接着讨论 Ribbon是如何实现负载均衡(源码分析)?

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